(1 cr.) An online career readiness workshop designed for social science majors in the College of Arts and Sciences. Students create personalized content and discuss various related topics with associated URI alumni. (Online) Pre: sophomore, junior or senior standing; for CCJ, AAF, SOC, APG, ECN, GWS, or PSC majors only. S/U only.

(4 crs.) Basic principles of the government of the United States: constitutionalism, separation of powers, federalism, civil liberties; politics; legislative, executive, and judicial organization; functions of government. (Lec. 3, Rec. 1) (A2) (C1)

(4 crs.) Nature of the state system, foundations of national power, means of exercising power. Cooperative interactions between states. Current international problems. (Lec. 3, Rec. 1) (A2) (C2) (GC)

(4 crs.) The core course for political science majors pursuing the American Politics Track. Students identify, apply and criticize the major theories used to interpret American Politics. (Lec. 4)

(4 crs.) The core course for political science majors pursuing the World Politics Track. Students identify, apply, and criticize the major theories used in World Politics. (Lec. 4)

(4 crs.) Cross-listed as (RLS), PSC 221. Provides the students with the basic foundation to understand Islam (as a religion and a civilization). The course explains Islamic beliefs and ethics, then shows how those ethics shaped Muslim societies socially and politically. (Lec. 4) (A3) (C2)

(4 crs.) Honors Section of RLS/PSC 221: Islam and Its Civilization: Cross-listed as (RLS), PSC 221H. Provides the students with the basic foundation to understand Islam (as a religion and a civilization). The course explains Islamic beliefs and ethics, then shows how those ethics shaped Muslim societies socially and politically. (Lec. 4) Pre: Must have a 3.4 or higher GPA overall to enroll.(A3) (C2)

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (CCJ), PSC 274. The American system of criminal justice, general processing of cases, principal actors, study of theories of criminal law, and pretrial detention and sentencing. (Lec. 3/Online)

(3 crs.) Honors Section of CCJ/PSC 274: Cross-listed as (CCJ), PSC 274H. The American system of criminal justice, general processing of cases, principal actors, study of theories of criminal law, and pretrial detention and sentencing. (Lec. 3/Online) Pre: 3.40 or higher overall GPA.

(4 crs.) Nuclear weapons addressed from a range of perspectives. Emphasis on the strategic, political, social, and moral issues and controversies raised by the potential for nuclear war. (Lec. 4/Online) Pre: 3 credits in the social sciences recommended or permission of instructor.

(1 cr.) Cross-listed as (PSC), AAF 301X. Introduction to anti-racist theory and the cultural and societal implications of the manifestation of racism in institutions, culture, and most critically, government policy. (Online) S/U only.

(4 crs.) The politics of the Vietnam War addressed from a range of perspectives. Emphasis on the political, social, strategic, legal, and moral issues raised by the Vietnam War and its aftermath. (Lec. 3, Practicum 2) Pre: PSC 113 or 210 or PSC 116 or 211 or permission of instructor.

(4 crs.) An exploration of the political process in Rhode Island in an age of New Federalism. Examination of the political development of the state and the character of contemporary politics and policymaking. (Lec. 3, Practicum 2) Pre: PSC 113 or 210.

(4 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC), EDC 306. Internship in a Rhode Island public school accompanied by an introduction to the problems and politics of education policy viewed from an interdisciplinary approach. (Rec. 1, Prac. 1, Online 2) (A2) (C1)

(4 crs.) The core scope and methodology course for all political science majors. Topics covered include: history of political science, evaluation of its current character, and the extent to which politics can be studied scientifically. (Lec. 3, Rec. 1)

(3-4 crs.) Critical study of selected topics. Subject will vary according to the expertise and availability of instructors. (Lec.3) Pre: PSC 113 or 116 or permission of instructor. May be repeated for a total of 9 credits.

(4 crs.) Introduces students to the major political, economic and social systems of Europe through a detailed examination of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Russia. (Lec. 3, Online 1)

(4 crs.) Analysis of the evolution of political institutions and the dynamics of public policy in Israel. Emphasis on contemporary political problems. (Lec. 3/Practicum 1) Pre: PSC 116 or 210 or 211 or permission of instructor.

(4 crs.) Designed to foster a rethinking of politics in the Middle East and critically assess current developments in the region and their relationship to global politics. (Lec. 3, Lab. 1) Pre: RLS 221 or PSC 116 or PSC 211.

(4 crs.) Seminar examining the causes, consequences, and cures of political corruption in a variety of geographic contexts. (Lec. 3, Prac. 1) Pre: PSC 113 or PSC 116G or permission of the instructor.

(4 crs.) Examination of the politics, institutions and policy processes of state and local governments. (Lec. 3, Pract. 2) Pre: PSC 113 or 210.

(4 crs.) Cross-listed as (ECN), PSC 333. Explores the different approaches of the economic analysis of law, and the history of how economics came to influence on the field of law. (Lec. 4) Pre: ECN 201.

(4 crs.) An examination of the constitutional powers of the different branches of government and the American system of federalism through a reading of U.S. Supreme Court opinions. (Lec. 3, Practicum 1) Pre: PSC 113 or permission of the instructor

(4 crs.) Major political philosophies from Plato to Machiavelli and their influence on such key concepts as justice, equality, and political obligation. (Lec. 3, Practicum 2)

(4 crs.) Continuation of PSC 341. Rousseau to the present. (Lec. 3, Practicum 2) Pre: PSC 113 or 210 and PSC 116 or 211.

(3 crs.) Honors Section of PSC 342: Political Theory: Modern and Contemporary (Lec. 3) Pre: must have a 3.40 overall GPA and PSC 113 or 210, and PSC 116 or 211.

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (ECN), PSC 344. History, theory, and politics of the global financial system. Topics include the foreign exchange market, international banking, macroeconomic problems of open economies, and global financial crises. (Lec. 3) Pre: ECN 100 or 202 or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Honors Section of ECN/PSC 344H: Political Economy of Global Finance. Cross-listed as (ECN), PSC 344. History, theory, and politics of the global financial system. Topics include the foreign exchange market, international banking, macroeconomic problems of open economies, and global financial crises. (Lec. 3) Pre: 3.40 overall GPA, and ECN 100 or 202, or permission of instructor.

(4 crs.) Provides essential political and historical background to understanding the evolution of U.S. and Soviet/Russian relations over the past 60 years. (Lec. 3, Practicum 2) Pre: PSC 116 or 211.

(4 crs.) Introduces students to human rights and human rights research. Emphasis on content analysis skills and data collection of human rights across the world. (Lec. 3, Pract. 1) Pre: PSC 113 or PSC 116G or permission of instructor.

(4 crs.) Examines the most recent political science research on American politcal campaigns and elections. Emphasis also on experiencing real world electoral politics. (Lec. 3, Practicum 2) Pre: PSC 113 or 210.

(4 crs.) Examination of public opinion and formative influences upon it. Role and implications of public opinion in governmental process. Focus on the practical analysis of public opinion data. (Lec. 3, Online 1) Pre: PSC 113 or 210.

(4 crs.) Analysis of American legislative bodies, particularly Congress, some attention to comparative legislatures. Structure, organization, functions of Congress analyzed in relation to its role in determining public policy. (Lec. 3, Online 1) Pre: PSC 113 or 210.

(4 crs.) Analysis of the relationship between the mass media in the United States and the political process. Emphasis on the impact of the media on both domestic and foreign policy processes. (Lec. 3, Practicum 2) Pre: PSC 113 or 210 or PSC 116 or 211, or permission of instructor.

(4 crs.) The historical role of the Constitution and the Supreme Court in American democracy. Analysis of leading constitutional decisions regarding governmental powers and civil rights and liberties. (Lec. 3, Online 1)

(1-3 crs.) Supervised experience in local, state, and national units of government, political organizations, private and public community agencies. Students must have placement description, faculty supervisor, and outline of academic component of experience prior to registration. (Practicum) Pre: 12 credits in the social sciences including 6 credits in political science and permission of instructor. May be repeated for a maximum of 6 credits. S/U credit.

(1-3 crs.) Supervised experience in local, state, and national units of government, political organizations, private and public community agencies. Students must have placement description, faculty supervisor, and outline of academic component of experience prior to registration. (Practicum) Pre: 12 credits in the social sciences including 6 credits in political science and permission of instructor. May be repeated for a maximum of 6 credits. S/U credit.

(4 crs.) Institutions of the Chinese system including the Communist Party, the state system, the bureaucracy, and the army. Emphasis on China's economic and social progress and relations with other nations. (Lec. 3, Practicum 2) Pre: PSC 116 or 211 or equivalent.

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (AAF), PSC 380. Major transformations in American life brought about by the civil rights movement in law, in social relations, in the role of government. Focus on the period between 1954 and 1968 in an effort to identify and evaluate the changes in government and civil society that occurred during this period. (Lec. 3)

(4 crs.) Political and social analysis of the American legal system, particularly at trial court and street levels, and roles of participants in that system with court observation. (Lec. 3, Ind. Study 1/Online) Pre: PSC 113 or PSC 210 or PSC 310 or PSC 274 or permission of instructor.

(4 crs.) Seminar in the politics and public policy associated with environmental pollution. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: PSC 113 or 210 and junior or senior standing. (D1)

(4 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC), HDF 405. Analysis of U.S. social policy and programs related to issues of health and aging. Topics include: health care, long term care, retirement, and social services. (Seminar 4) Pre: PSC 310 or HDF 202 or permission of the instructor. (D1) (B3)

(4 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC), HDF 405H. Honors Section of PSC/HDF 405: Policy Issues in Health and Aging. Analysis of U.S. social policy and programs related to issues of health and aging. Topics include: health care, long term care, retirement, and social services. (Seminar 4) Pre: 3.40 overall GPA and PSC 310 or HDF 202 or permission of the instructor. (D1) (B3)

(4 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC), AAF 408. Political developments in the nations of Africa. Main stress is thematic: challenges to democracy, ethnicity, and identity politics, African political thought, civil conflict, resources, and common developmental problems. (Lec. 4, Practicum) Pre: PSC 113 or 210, and PSC 116 or 211.

(4 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC), AAF 408. Honors Section of PSC/AAF 408 - African Government and Politics. (Lec. 4, Practicum) Pre: PSC 113 or 210, and PSC 116 or 211, and 3.40 or better overall GPA.

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (AAF), PSC 410. A seminar focusing on the dynamics of African development, including political and social change, economic development, education, urbanization, rural development, environmental management, labor and business, industrialization, and technology transfer. (Seminar) Pre: APG 313 or PSC 201 or HIS 388 or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (AAF), PSC, ECN 415. Exploration of the slave trade and the origins of Africans and people of African descent in the Caribbean. Emphasis on political and economic relations with the U.S. and the impact of modernization. (Lec. 3) Not for graduate credit.

(4 crs.) An upper-level introduction to the politics and society of Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: sophomore standing or permission of instructor. Not for graduate credit. Offered in alternate years. (D1) (C2)

(4 crs.) An upper-level introduction to the politics and society of Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: sophomore standing or permission of instructor. Offered in alternate years. (D1) (C2)

(4 crs.) An upper-level introduction to the issues of Russian foreign policy, including relations with newly formed states of the CIS. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: Sophomore standing or permission of instructor. Not for graduate credit. Offered in alternate years. (D1) (C2)

(4 crs.) An upper-level introduction to the issues of Russian foreign policy, including relations with newly formed states of the CIS. (Lec. 3, Project 1) Pre: Sophomore standing or permission of instructor. Offered in alternate years. (D1) (C2)

(4 crs.) Research seminar examining the politics of countries in Latin America. Substantive focus is on theories of democratization, political institutions, electoral politics, and governance. (Lec. 3, Practicum 1) Pre: PSC 210 or PSC 211 or permission of the instructor. (D1)

(4 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC) PHL 421G. Explore secularism and Islamism through interdisciplinary readings in philosophy, religion and political science. Examine the dynamics of interaction between adherents of both ideologies, both on a state and individual level. (Seminar) Pre: RLS/PSC 221 or PSC 322 or PSC 211 or PSC 310. (A2) (C3) (GC)

(4 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC) PHL 421G. Explore secularism and Islamism through interdisciplinary readings in philosophy, religion and political science. Examine the dynamics of interaction between adherents of both ideologies, both on a state and individual level. (Seminar) Pre: RLS/PSC 221 or PSC 322 or PSC 211 or PSC 310. (A2) (C3) (GC)

(4 crs.) Examines the impact of political and economic influences on interactions between and within states. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: PSC 210 or 211 or 310 or permission of the instructor. (D1) (C2)

(4 crs.) Honors Section of PSC 422: International Political Economy. (Lec. 3, Project 3). Pre: overall GPA 3.40 or better. Not for graduate credit. (D1) (C2)

(4 crs.) Analysis of the various theories of international relations and study of the major factors influencing the politics of international conflict, trade, organizations, and other interactions between international actors. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: PSC 212 or 310 or permission of instructor. Not for graduate credit. (D1) (C2)

(4 crs.) Analysis of the various theories of international relations and study of the major factors influencing the politics of international conflict, trade, organizations, and other interactions between international actors. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: PSC 212 or 310 or permission of instructor. (D1) (C2)

(4 crs.) Analysis of the institutions, techniques, and instruments of policy making and the execution of foreign policy. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: PSC 210 or 211 or 310 or permission of instructor. (D1) (C2)

(4 crs.) Analysis of the various theories of international conflict. Topics include interstate war, international disputes, interstate rivalry, and democratic peace theory. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: PSC 212 or 310 or permission of the instructor. Not for graduate credit.

(4 crs.) Analysis of theories of international conflict and political violence. Topics may include interstate war, rivalry, civil war, ethnic and religious conflict, and terrorism (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: PSC 210 or 211 or 310 or permission of the instructor. (D1)

(4 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC), GWS 441. Explores the role of women in the American political system, as voters, campaign activists, and office holders, and as members of organized groups in the policy making process. (Seminar 3, Project 1) Pre: PSC 113 or PSC 210 or PSC 310 or permission of instructor. (C3) (D1)

(4 crs.) Important political theorists of this century, particularly as they interpret the basis of political obligation and weigh the question of violent political change. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: PSC 240 or 341 or 342 or any 300-level philosophy course or permission of instructor. Not for graduate credit. Offered every third year.

(3 crs.) Special work arranged to meet the needs of individual students who desire advanced work in political science. (Independent Study) Pre: permission of chairperson.

(3 crs.) Special work arranged to meet the needs of individual students who desire advanced work in political science. (Independent Study) Pre: permission of chairperson.

(4 crs.) Presidential leadership and decision making, with emphasis on growth in power and prestige of the presidency, exercise of presidential influence in conduct of government, and presidential initiative in formulating and developing national policies and priorities. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: PSC 113 or 210 and 212 or 310 or permission of instructor. Not for graduate credit. (D1)

(4 crs.) Analysis of the American political party process. History, organization, functions, methods, problems, and prospects for reform. Focus on the two party system and limits of third parties in the United States. (Lec. 3, Portfolio 1) Pre: PSC 113 or 210. Not for graduate credit. (D1)

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC), AAF 466. Contemporary and emerging problems of urban affairs. Discussion, reading, and assignments on the interaction among urban change, development of social institutions, and formation of public policy. (Lec. 3/Online) Pre: PSC 113 or 210.

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC), AAF 466H. Honors Section of AAF/PSC 466: Urban Problems. (Lec. 3) Pre: PSC 113 or 210, and 3.40 overall GPA.

(4 crs.) The problem of human freedom examined in the context of the fundamental rights guaranteed to individuals by the American Constitution. Emphasis on religious liberty, freedom of expression, racial equality, fair criminal procedures, and the protection of personality and privacy. (Lec. 3, Project 3) Pre: PSC/SOC 274 or PSC 334 or PSC 371 or PSC 388, or permission of instructor. Not for graduate credit. (D1)

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (CCJ), PSC 476. Examination of current and proposed criminal justice policies in light of social science theory and research, including capital punishment, community policing, gun control, intermediate sanctions, legalization of drugs, mandatory sentencing, privatization of prisons, restorative justice. (Seminar) Pre: SOC or CCJ major; C or better in CCJ/PSC 274 and SOC/CCJ 230; at least 18 credits in CCJ major (including research course) or permission of instructor. Not for graduate credit. (D1) (B1)

(3 crs.) Intensive studies in various important fields in political science. Class discussion of assigned readings and student reports. Emphasis on independent research. (Seminar) Pre: PSC 210 or PSC 211 or PSC 310.

(4 crs.) Intensive studies in various important fields in political science. Class discussion of assigned readings and student reports. Emphasis on independent research. (Seminar) Pre: PSC 210 or PSC 211 or PSC 310. May be repeated up to two times for a total of 8 credits with a different topic.

(4 crs.) How do we organize and develop public policy to collectively pursue societal goals? This course will introduce students to this longstanding question and to the debates relating to public management and policymaking processes. (Lec. 3, Online) Pre: PSC 210, 211, or 310. (D1)

(4 crs.) Significant questions persist in the field of political science. This class brings together conflicting scholarship around debates that drive research in the field: definition, measurement, historical dynamics, causes, and consequences. (Online) Pre: PSC 113 and 116.

(3 crs.) Overview of the theoretical and historical evolution of public policy and administration; theories and problems of organization and administrative reform; implementation and policy analysis; and theories of bureaucratic control. (Lec. 3) Pre: Graduate standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) This course examines issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion as these concepts relate to public management and public policymaking. (Accelerated Online Program) Pre: Graduate Standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC), LHR 503. Development of personnel administration, including problems of recruitment, examination, promotion, and staffing within public service. Emphasis on evaluation of employee performance and collective bargaining in public service. (Lec. 3) Pre: graduate standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) This course explores through case studies, class discussion, and readings how ethical deliberation is an essential commitment and skill for public administrators and practitioners of public policy and its analysis. (Seminar) Pre: graduate standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (PSC), SOC 505. Research design and methodologies associated with the evaluation of governmental programs and activities. (Lec. 3) Pre: STA 308 or equivalent or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Examination of federal, state, and local fiscal and budgetary processes, focusing on the politics of the budgetary process and models of budgeting, with emphasis on contemporary issues. (Seminar)

(3 crs.) Political, administrative, and technical elements of government financial management in public policy settings are examined. Special emphasis is placed on local and state governments and public authorities. (Lec. 3) Pre: graduate standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) This course is designed to develop the policy and grant writing skills of graduate students seeking careers in public management and public policymaking. (Accelerated Online Program) Pre: Graduate Standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Graduate seminar on special topics in public policy not regularly covered in other courses. (Accelerated Online Program) Pre: Graduate standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (LHR), PSC, ECN 521. International and comparative politics of work and social welfare. Transformation of work due to globalization and family shifts; worker rights, education/training, and social security across countries. (Lec. 3) Pre: graduate standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) An in-depth exploration of the policy process and public policy problems through the different traditions and approaches of public policy analysis. (Seminar) Pre: graduate standing or permission of the instructor.

(3 crs.) Seminar examining the roots of modern democracy in the social contract theories and analyzing the quality and limits of self-determination in these theories in the light of contemporary politics. (Lec. 3) Pre: PSC 341, 342, or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Seminar emphasizes the role of diplomacy in conflict resolution and in responding to international crisis. Emphasis includes the scope and role of diplomats as foreign policy actors and state representatives. (Seminar) Pre: graduate standing; undergraduates only with permission of instructor.

(1-3 crs.) Eligible graduate students may enroll upon receiving an approved internship supporting their program of study. Internships include placement in non-governmental organizations, businesses, institutions of higher education, the public sector. (Independent Study) Pre: ABM program student, graduate standing, or permission of graduate director. May be repeated for up to 3 credits.

(1-3 crs.) Eligible graduate students may enroll in the course upon receiving approval for an experiential project, training sequence or module, or field based practice. (Independent Study) Pre: ABM program student, graduate standing, or permission of graduate director. Course may be repeated for up to 3 credits.

(3 crs.) Study of political science as a discipline, its development in relation to other social sciences, and survey of political theories, concepts, and analytic models. (Seminar) Pre: graduate standing.

(3 crs.) Special work arranged to meet the individual needs of graduate students in political science. (Independent Study) Pre: permission of chairperson.

(3 crs.) Special work arranged to meet the individual needs of graduate students in political science. (Independent Study) Pre: permission of chairperson or Graduate Program Director.

(3 crs.) Special work arranged to meet the individual needs of graduate students in political science. (Online) Pre: permission of chairperson or Graduate Program Director.

(3 crs.) Legal aspects of interaction among government agencies, individuals, and public interest groups. Systematic analysis of leading cases, evaluating the courts as an instrument for protecting the individual's rights in administrative action. (Lec. 3) Pre: PSC 113.

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (MAF), PSC 577. Principles of international law as they relate to ocean management problems. Jurisdiction in zones, such as territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, and the high seas will be examined, as well as the problems posed by zonal approaches to ocean-use management.

(3 crs.) A critical treatment of major international relations theories beginning with an analysis of core theoretical concepts. (Seminar) Pre: honors seniors with permission of instructor or graduate standing.

(3 crs.) Master's-level seminar on special topics in political science not regularly covered in other courses. (Seminar) Pre: graduate or senior standing in political science or permission of instructor. May be repeated up to five times for a total of 15 credits with different topic.

(3 crs.) Master's-level seminar on special topics in political science not regularly covered in other courses. (Seminar) Pre: graduate or senior standing in political science or permission of instructor. May be repeated up to five times for a total of 15 credits with different topic.

(3 crs.) The historical evolution and study of policy analysis as a subfield of public policy; the different traditions, analytical methods, and concepts that relate to the subfield of policy analysis. (Seminar) Pre: graduate standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Theoretical constructs, methods, and models in the field of comparative politics emphasizing political, economic, and social changes in local. national and international contexts. (Seminar) Pre: graduate standing; undergraduates only with permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Seminar examining diplomacy and statecraft in the international system. Topics include studies of political leadership and statesmanship, negotiation, and important diplomatic events. (Sem. 3) Pre: graduate standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Analysis of the research on political violence in the international system and the leading strategies and methods used by the international community to resolve these conflicts. (Sem. 3) Pre: graduate standing or permission of instructor.

(3 crs.) Examines politics and policies of international migration in sending/receiving countries, analyses the political, social and economic effects of migration, discusses various human rights of migration. (Seminar 3) Pre: Graduate standing or permission of instructor.

(3-6 crs.) Participation at a public service, non-profit, or policy organization. Planning, policy analysis and formation, personnel management, budgeting and finance, and public service responsibilities that are the hallmark of effective governance. (Practicum) Pre: permission of M.P.A. director. May be taken as one 6-credit unit or two 3-credit units.

(3 crs.) Capstone course for MPA program, where graduate students engage in a research-intensive project under the direction of the course instructor. (Accelerated Online Program) Pre: PSC 501, PSC 502, and PSC 504 AND either a Public Management or Policy Analysis certificate.

(3 crs.) Cross-listed as (EEC), MAF, PSC, SOC 595. Application of economic principles and research methods to understand the economics of environmental and natural resource management and poverty alleviation. (Lec. 3) Pre: EEC 528 or permission of instructor.

(1-6 crs.) Number of credits is determined each semester in consultation with the major professor or program committee. (Independent Study) S/U credit.