A collection of peer reviewed research
Duration of tick feeding affects risk for transmission
TickEncounter frequently hears many varying statements about the time it takes a tick to transmit a tickborne infection after biting a host. We and others have conducted several carefully controlled experiments — all with similar outcomes — to evaluate the concept of pathogen transmission delays in blacklegged ticks. We stand behind the statement that it generally takes longer than 24 hrs of attachment before blacklegged ticks can transmit an infectious dose of the Lyme disease and human babesiosis agents. We realize that people — even other scientists — sometimes have different experiences or they interpret experimental data differently. It is our goal to help translate science into information that can be used — in this case to best prevent tickborne disease. To this end, below we’re providing access to the existing peer-reviewed published research on this topic (PDF downloads available below). We keep an open mind to reviewing empirical evidence and we welcome readers to send other peer-reviewed literature on this topic to TickEncounter for consideration and possible listing on this page.
- Duration of Tick Attachment and Borrelia burgdorferi Transmission - JOSEPH PIESMAN, THOMAS N. MATHER, RICHARD J. SINSKY, AND ANDREW SPIELMAN J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987, 25(3):557 Nymphal Ixodes dammini transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi to 1 of 14 rodents exposed for 24 h, 5 of 14 rodents exposed for 48 h, and 13 of 14 rodents exposed for -72 h. Prompt removal of attached ticks is a… Continue Reading
- Determining the Duration of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Attachment to Tick-Bite Victims - MIN-TSUNG YEH, JASON M. BAK, RENJIE HU, MATTHEW C. NICHOLSON, COLLEEN KELLY, AND THOMAS N. MATHER J. Med. Entomol. 32(6): 853-858 (1995) The duration of tick attachment is one factor associated with risk for human infection caused by several tick-borne pathogens. We measured tick engorgement indices at known time intervals after tick attachment and used… Continue Reading
- Transmission Dynamics of Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. During the Key Third Day of Feeding by Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) - ANDRIAS HOJGAARD, REBECCA J. EISEN, AND JOSEPH PIESMAN J. Med. Entomol. 45(4): 732Ð736 (2008) Abstract: Nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say are the principal vectors of Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto) in the eastern United States. Physicians frequently face the decision of whether or not to administer prophylactic antibiotics to human tick bite victims in… Continue Reading
- Duration of Tick Bites in a Lyme Disease-endemic Area - RICHARD C. FALCO, DURLAND FISH, AND JOSEPH PIESMAN Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:187-92 Regression equations, based on scutal index (body length/scutal width), were developed to determine the duration of attachment for nymphal and adult female Ixodes scapularis ticks. Feeding times were calculated for 444 nymphal and 300 female ticks submitted by bite victims between 1985 and… Continue Reading
- Duration of Tick Attachment as a Predictor of the Risk of Lyme Disease in an Area in which Lyme Disease Is Endemic - SUNIL K. SOOD, MARK B. SALZMAN, BARBARA J. B. JOHNSON, CHRISTINE M. HAPP, KEVIN FEIG, LILLIAN CARMODY, LORRY G. RUBIN, EILEEN HILTON, AND JOSEPH PIESMAN The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997;175:996–9 Animal studies have shown an exponential increase in the risk of Borrelia burgdorferi infection after 48–72 h of deer tick attachment. Persons with tick… Continue Reading
- Dynamic changes in Lyme disease spirochetes during transmission by nymphal ticks - JOSEPH PIESMAN AND BRADLEY S. SCHNEIDER Experimental and Applied Acarology 28: 141-145, 2002 Abstract: Ticks are not crawling needles, merely delivering infectious agents to vertebrate hosts. A sophisticated interplay takes place between ticks, pathogens, and vertebrate hosts. The relationship between Ixodes ticks and the Lyme disease spirochetes they transmit involves subtle changes in spirochete populations… Continue Reading
- Transmission of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia mayonii in Relation to Duration of Attachment by Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) - MARC C. DOLAN, NICOLE E. BREUNER, ANDRIAS HOJGAARD, KAREN A. BOEGLER, J. CHARLES HOXMEIER, ADAM J. REPLOGLE, and LARS EISEN Journal of Medical Entomology, 2017, 1–5 doi: 10.1093/jme/tjx089 Abstract: The recently recognized Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia mayonii, has been detected in host-seeking Ixodes scapularis Say ticks and is associated with human disease in the Upper Midwest. Although experimentally… Continue Reading